如何将postgresql数据库表内数据导出为excel格式

作者：瀚高PG实验室 （Highgo PG Lab）- 禹晓

本文主要用于介绍如何使用copy或者\copy命令将postgresql数据库内表的数据导出为excel格式，方便用户查看编辑。

copy命令同\copy命令语法上相同，区别在于copy必须使用能够超级用户使用,copy … to file 中的文件都是数据库服务器所在的服务器上的文件，而\copy 一般用户即可执行且\copy 保存或者读取的文件是在客户端所在的服务器。本文主要以copy命令作为介绍重点，使用copy命令将表内数据倒为csv格式文件即为excel格式。
1、copy命令语法

COPY {
    表名 [ ( 列名称 [, ...] ) ] | ( 查询 ) }    
TO {
    '文件名' | PROGRAM '命令' | STDOUT }   
 [ [ WITH ] ( 选项 [, ...] ) ]

选项可以是下列内容之一
 FORMAT 格式_名称    
 FREEZE [ 布尔 ]    
 DELIMITER '分隔字符'    
 NULL '空字符串'    
 HEADER [ 布尔 ]    
 QUOTE '引用字符'    
 ESCAPE '转义字符'    
 FORCE_QUOTE {
    ( 列名称 [, ...] ) | * }    
 FORCE_NOT_NULL ( 列名称 [, ...] )    
 FORCE_NULL ( 列名称 [, ...] )    
 ENCODING 'encoding_name(编码名)'

2、多场景使用介绍
①查看现有表数据

test=# select * from test;
user_id |   user_name   | age | gender |                    remark                    
---------+---------------+-----+--------+----------------------------------------------
       1 | Jackie Chan   |  45 | male   | "police story","project A","rush hour"
       3 | Brigitte Li   |  46 | female | 
       4 | Maggie Cheung |  39 | female | 
       5 | Jet Li        |  41 | male   | "Fist of Legend","Once Upon a Time in China"
       2 | Gong Li       |  38 | female | "Farewell My Concubine","Lifetimes Living"
(5 行记录)

②带列名导出，默认情况下使用，作为分隔符

test=# copy test to '/tmp/test1.csv' with csv header;
COPY 5
test=# \! cat /tmp/test1.csv
user_id,user_name,age,gender,remark
1,Jackie Chan,45,male,"""police story"",""project A"",""rush hour"""
3,Brigitte Li,46,female,
4,Maggie Cheung,39,female,
5,Jet Li,41,male,"""Fist of Legend"",""Once Upon a Time in China"""
2,Gong Li,38,female,"""Farewell My Concubine"",""Lifetimes Living"

③带列名导出，指定使用|作为分隔符

test=# copy test to '/tmp/test1.csv' with csv header DELIMITER '|';
COPY 5
test=# \! cat /tmp/test1.csv
user_id|user_name|age|gender|remark
1|Jackie Chan|45|male|"""police story"",""project A"",""rush hour"""
3|Brigitte Li|46|female|
4|Maggie Cheung|39|female|
5|Jet Li|41|male|"""Fist of Legend"",""Once Upon a Time in China"""
2|Gong Li|38|female|"""Farewell My Concubine"",""Lifetimes Living"

④带列名导出，将空字符替换为指定值导出

test=# copy test to '/tmp/test1.csv' with csv header null 'to be supplemented';
COPY 5
test=# \! cat /tmp/test1.csv
user_id,user_name,age,gender,remark
1,Jackie Chan,45,male,"""police story"",""project A"",""rush hour"""
3,Brigitte Li,46,female,to be supplemented
4,Maggie Cheung,39,female,to be supplemented
5,Jet Li,41,male,"""Fist of Legend"",""Once Upon a Time in China"""
2,Gong Li,38,female,"""Farewell My Concubine"",""Lifetimes Living"