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接上一篇:C++程序设计【四】之运算符重载的概念
第五章:类的继承与类的派生
一、类的继承与类的派生
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class another; // 前向引用声明
class Base {
// 基类
private:
float x;
public:
void print(const another &K);
};
class Derived:public Base {
// 派生类
private:
float y;
};
class another {
private:
int aaa;
public:
another() {
aaa = 100;
}
friend void Base::print(const another &K); // 基类的成员函数声明为本类的友元
};
void Base::print(const another &K) {
cout << "Base:" << K.aaa << endl; // 可以访问私有成员变量
}
int main() {
Base a;
Derived d;
another ano; // aaa初始化为100
a.print(ano); // 输出为: Base: 100
d.print(ano); // 输出为: Base: 100
return 0;
}
1.继承的概念
2.派生类的定义与大小
a.派生类的定义
class BaseClass {
// 基类
int v1, v2;
}
class DeviredClass: public BaseClass {
// 派生类
int v3;
}
class emptyClass {
}; // 空基类
class subemptyClass: public emptyClass {
}; // 派生类
// 派生类可以改变基类中成员的访问权限
b.类的大小
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class BaseClass {
// 基类
int v1, v2;
char v4;
public:
int templ() {
}
};
class DerivedClass: public BaseClass {
// 派生类
int v3;
int*p;
public:
int temp() {
}
};
int main() {
cout << "Base=" << sizeof(BaseClass) << endl; // 输出Base=12
cout << "Derived=" << sizeof(DerivedClass) << endl; // 输出Derived=24
return 0;
}
c.继承关系的特殊性
3.继承关系的特殊性
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
// 基类
private:
float x;
public:
static int staV;
Base() {
staV ++;
}
};
int Base::staV = 0;
class Derived: public Base {
// 派生类
private:
float y;
public:
Derived() {
staV++;
}
};
int main() {
Base a;
cout << a.staV << endl; // 输出1
Derived d;
cout << d.staV << endl; // 输出3
return 0;
}
4.有继承关系的类之间的访问
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class CB {
public:
int a;
CB(int x) {
a = x;
}
void showa() {
cout << "Class CB--a = " << a << endl;
}
};
class CD:public CB {
public:
int a; // 与基类a同名
CD(int x, int y):CB(x) {
// x用来初始化基类的成员变量a
a = y;
}
void showa() {
cout << "Class CD--a = " << a << endl;
}
void print2a() {
cout << "a = " << a << endl; // 访问派生类a
cout << "CB::a = " << CB::a << endl; // 访问基类a
}
};
int main() {
CB CBobj(12);
CBobj.showa();
CD CDobj(48, 999);
CDobj.showa(); // 访问派生类的showa()
CDobj.CB::showa(); // 访问基类的showa()
cout << "CDobj.a = " << CDobj.a << endl;
cout << "CDobj.CB::a = " << CDobj.CB::a << endl;
return 0;
}
5.protected访问范围说明符
6.多重继承
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class CB1 {
public:
int a; // 重名
CB1(int x) {
a = x;
}
void showa() {
// 重名
cout << "Class CB1 ==> a = " << a << endl;
}
};
class CB2 {
public:
int a; // 重名
CB2(int x) {
a = x;
}
void showa() {
// 重名
cout << "Class CB2 ==> a = " << a << endl;
}
};
class CD:public CB1, public CB2 {
// 多重继承,俩个基类
public:
int a; // 与俩个基类成员变量a同名
CD(int x, int y, int z):CB1(x), CB2(y) {
a = z;
}
void showa() {
// 与俩个基类成员函数showa()同名
cout << "Class CD ==> a = " << a << endl;
}
void print3a() {
cout << "a = " << a << endl; // 访问派生类a
cout << "CB1::a = " << CB1::a << endl; // 访问基类a
cout << "CB2::a = " << CB2::a << endl; // 访问基类a
}
};
int main() {
CB1 CB1obj(11);
CB1obj.showa(); // 11
CD CDobj(101, 202, 909);
CDobj.showa(); // 访问派生类的showa() 909
CDobj.CB1::showa(); // 访问基类的showa() 101
cout << "CDobj.a = " << CDobj.a << endl; // 909
cout << "CDobj.CB2::a = " << CDobj.CB2::a << endl; // 202
return 0;
}
二、访问控制
1.公有继承
2.类型兼容规则
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
int an;
public:
A() {
}
A(int n) {
an = n;
}
void printa() {
cout << "A:" << an << endl;
}
};
class B : public A {
// 共有派生
int bn;
public:
B(int n) : A(2 * n) {
bn = n;
}
void printa() {
cout << "b:" << bn << endl;
}
};
int main() {
A a(10);
a.printa(); // 10
B b(20);
a.printa(); // 10
a = b; // 派生类对象赋值给基类对象
a.printa(); // 40
b.printa(); // 20
return 0;
}
3.私有继承
4.保护继承
三、派生类的构造函数和析构函数
1.构造函数与析构函数
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class BaseClass {
// 基类
protected:
int v1, v2;
public:
BaseClass();
BaseClass(int, int);
~BaseClass();
};
BaseClass::BaseClass() {
cout << "BaseClass 无参构造函数" << endl;
}
BaseClass::BaseClass(int m, int n) {
v1 = m;
v2 = n;
cout << "BaseClass 2个参数构造函数" << endl;
}
BaseClass::~BaseClass() {
cout << "BaseClass 析构函数" << endl;
}
class DerivedClass:public BaseClass {
// 公有继承的派生类
int v3;
public:
DerivedClass();
DerivedClass(int);
DerivedClass(int, int, int);
~DerivedClass();
};
DerivedClass::DerivedClass() {
cout << "DerivedClass无参构造函数" << endl;
}
DerivedClass::DerivedClass(int k):v3(k) {
cout << "DerivedClass带1个参数构造函数" << endl;
}
DerivedClass::DerivedClass(int m, int n, int k):BaseClass(m, n), v3(k) {
cout << "DerivedClass带3个参数构造函数" << endl;
}
DerivedClass::~DerivedClass() {
cout << "DerivedClass析构函数" << endl;
}
int main() {
cout << "无参对象的创建" << endl;
BaseClass baseCla; // 基类对象
DerivedClass derivedCla; // 派生类对象
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
private:
int Y;
public:
Base(int y = 0) {
Y = y;
cout << "Base(" << y << ")" << endl;
}
~Base() {
cout << "~Base()" << endl;
}
void print() {
cout << Y << endl;
}
};
class Derived:public Base {
private:
int Z;
public:
Derived(int y, int z):Base(y) {
Z = z;
cout << "Derived(" << y << "," << z << ")" << endl;
}
~Derived() {
cout << "~Derived()" << endl;
}
void print() {
Base::print();
cout << Z << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Derived d(10, 20);
d.print();
return 0;
}
2.复制构造函数
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class CBase {
public:
CBase() {
}
CBase(CBase & c) {
cout << "CBase::复制构造函数" << endl;
}
CBase & operator=(const CBase &b) {
cout << "CBase::operator=" << endl;
return *this;
}
};
class CDerived:public CBase {
public:
CDerived() {
cout << "CDerived::复制构造函数" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
CDerived d1, d2;
CDerived d3(d1);
// d3初始化过程中会调用类CBase的复制构造函数
d2 = d1; // 会调用类CBase重载的"="运算符
return 0;
}
3.多重继承的构造函数与析构函数
四、类之间的关系
1.类与类之间的关系
2.封闭类的派生
3.互包含关系的类
class A {
// 类A的定义
public:
void f(B b); // 以类B对象为形参的成员函数
};
class B {
// 类B的定义
public:
void g(A a); // 以类A对象为形参的成员函数
}
五、多层次的派生
六、基类与派生类指针的互相转换
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class CBase {
protected:
int n;
public:
CBase(int i): n(i) {
}
void print() {
cout << "CBase:n = " << n << endl;
}
};
class CDerived: public CBase {
public:
int v;
CDerived(int i): CBase(i), v(2 * i) {
}
void Func() {
};
void print() {
cout << "CDerived:n=" << n << endl;
cout << "CDerived:v=" << v << endl;
}
};
int main() {
CDerived objDerived(3);
CBase objBase(5);
CBase * pBase = &objDerived; // 使用基类指针指向派生类对象
CDerived *pDerived;
pDerived = &objDerived;
cout << "使用派生类指针调用函数" << endl;
pDerived -> print(); // 调用的是派生类中的函数
pBase = pDerived; // 基类指针 = 派生类指针,正确
cout << "使用基类指针调用函数" << endl;
pBase -> print(); // 调用的是基类中的函数
//pBase -> Func() // 错误,通过基类指针不能调用派生类函数
//pDerived = pBase; // 错误,派生类指针=基类指针
pDerived = (CDerived*)pBase; // 强制类型转换,派生类指针=基类指针
cout << "使用派生类指针调用函数" << endl;
pDerived -> print(); // 调用的是派生类中的函数
return 0;
}
转载:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43606158/article/details/114065904
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